Flanders [1] gives a condition for exchangeability in terms of the sufficient component cause frame work. A sufficient component cause (SCC) model helps identify a relationship between what causes the problem in order to treat it appropriately. Whether dental caries actually occurs also depends on the influence of independent risk factors that interact with the component causes in . The 'sufficient cause' model for dental caries is a biological model in which distinction between protective and risk-increasing factors has been made, and interaction between factors has been described. It is argued that the counterfactual model of causal effects captures the main aspects of causality in health sciences and relates to many statistical procedures. Under this model, a disease can be caused by any completed "pie," which is itself comprised of component causes of the disease under investigation. Sufficient cause III is not selected for (it is in itself a neutral trait). For example . Part B: Review Rothman's heuristic and the Sufficient-Component Cause model The two newspaper articles highlight some important concepts about causality. A helpful way to think about causal mechanisms for disease is depicted in Figure 3-1. Each component in a sufficient cause is called a component cause, and epidemiologists tend to refer to the components as causes because the outcome will not HIV infection is, therefore, a necessary cause of AIDS. Make sure your title reflects the infectious disease (5 points) 1. Figure 1 depicts a minimal Sufficient Component Cause model that describes the effects of an exposure on an outcome. In Figure 1, selection on sufficient causes I and II leads to selection on component causes A-E. 7,8ch. The group plans to organize a list of different reasons . In the context of a study, when any individuals acquire components of more than one sufficient cause over the observation period, the etiologic . The model is deterministic in nature, positing that the disease is destined to occur once a sufficient cause is completed. A sufficient cause for AIDS might consist of the following components: Adapted from -Exposure to an individual with HIV-Repeatedly engaging in risky sexual behavior with that individual-Absence of antiretroviral drugs that reduce viral load of HIV This pie chart might be used to represent the sufficient . Sufficient causes of disease are redundant when an individual acquires the components of two or more sufficient causes. THE CAUSAL PIE MODEL. Summary The sufficient-component cause model is one of several conceptual models for causation that appeared in the 1970s in response to the problem of multicausality in chronic diseases. Rothman's sufficient component cause model 1, 2 p. 5-9, 80-82 is familiar to most epidemiologists. Describe the sufficient-component cause model and, using your own ideas, give an example. First, the term smoking is too imprecise to be used in a causal description. Causes of disease can be conceptualized in the same way as the causes of turning on a light. For some individuals, those with only the causal partner depicted by U 1 , bicycle riding would lead to weight loss only if they rode on the flats (E 1 ) (because, for example, they would go more quickly and therefore expend more energy riding on the . These include causal interactions, imperfect experiments, adjustment for confounding, time-varying exposures, competing risks and the probability of causation. . A combination of component causes such as personal or environmental factors operate in . Another type of model, the potential outcome or counterfactual models, has also proved useful in epidemiology, providing insights into definitions of effects, between the sufficient component cause model and the potential outcomes model. While drugs may contribute to mental illness, it is also likely that people who take drugs are doing so to self-medicate against their mental illness. Sucient-component cause Example: sucient cause of impaired brain function PKU 1 1 phenylalanine 12. Drinking contaminated water, for example, is not sufficient to produce cholera, and smoking is not sufficient to produce lung cancer, but both of these are components of sufficient causes. You may need more than just HIV infection for AIDS to occur. Despite some limitations, it seems one of the best theories to explain real world. The proponents of this model have emphasized its utility in visualizing the presence of "agonism" (a subtype of mechanistic interaction) in the counterfactual framework, claiming that the concept of . 1 However, since every person with HIV does not develop AIDS, it is not sufficient to cause AIDS. 1 2 Sucient-component cause Sucient cause = "a complete causal mechanism, a minimal set of conditions and events that are sucient for the outcome to occur." Describe the sufficient-component cause model and, using your own ideas, give an example. A sufficient cause contains a combination of component . A component cause can be a component of more than one sufficient cause. If and only if all the component causes that make up a causal pie of some sufficient cause are present does the outcome occur. Smoking is not a sufficient cause by itself, however, because not all smokers develop lung cancer. Q5. Epidemiology 101; Question: Q5. However, H. pylori on its own is not enough to cause gastric cancer. Rothman's Sufficient-Component Cause Model For Rothman, a sufficient cause is a minimum set of acts or events or states of nature that initiate or allow a sequence of events necessarily leading to an effect. In this paper, we show how the Sufficient Component Cause model can be extended to represent Rubin's expression of the no interference between units and the no compound versions of treatment assumptions -- the Stable Unit Treatment Value Assumption (SUTVA) [7, 8]. The MSC model, also called the sufficient-component cause model, reflects a fundamental premise in chronic disease epidemiology that most outcomes have multiple causes, which are generally neither necessary nor sufficient to cause the outcome [16-20].Based on the structure of the MSC model, an individual exposure (called a component cause) does not usually cause disease alone, but rather . For example, lung cancer may result from a sufficient cause that includes smoking as a component cause. 1) [9]. 2. Hypothetical and real data examples are used. best known among epidemiologists is rothman's sufficient-component cause (scc) model. The exposure is precisely defined and therefore we can easily imagine an intervention that would remove the exposure from the population. This background paper from Barbara Befani is an appendix from the UK Government's Department for International Development' s working paper Broadening the range of designs and methods for impact evaluations. 1 Each pie in the diagram represents a theoretical causal mechanism for a given disease, sometimes called a sufficient cause. Every sufficient cause consists of different component causes. A sufficient cause contains a combination of component causes. Component causes A-E add up to sufficient cause 1-3. Sufficient but Not Necessary: Decapitation is sufficient to cause death; however, people can die in many other ways. Models of Causality and Causal Inference. In this circumstance, the individual still would have become diseased even if one of the sufficient causes had not been acquired. The necessary component of TB is TB bacterium but the bacterium alone is not sufficient. Thus most causes in the health field are components of sufficient causes, but are not sufficient in themselves. Limitations of Rothman's Causal Pie Model Blocking action of any single component cause will block the completion of sufficient cause to which that component contributes Blocking of sufficient cause For biological effects, most and sometimes all of the components of a sufficient cause are unknown.1 For example, tobacco smoking is a cause of lung cancer, but by itself it is not a sufficient cause. A Sufficient Component Cause model for this scenario is shown at the top of Figure Figure2. Write a half page narrative (no more than half a page) on the skills of observation described in Hippocrates' "On Airs Waters and Places" and how it applies to epidemiology today. For a single factor A, it is noted that if U1, U2 and U3 represent the complementary causes of the sufficient causes involving respectively the factor A, The completion potential index proposed here allows better characterization of complex interactive effects of multiple monotonic risk factors. To illustrate his model, Rothman proposes a pie chart, with each effect represented by several pie charts ( Fig. Rothman's sufficient component cause model 1, 2 p. 5-9, 80-82 is familiar to most epidemiologists. A sufficient cause is a constellation of component causes, the causal pie, that leads to an outcome. Example of a Sufficient-Component cause model. sufficient cause a cause that is sufficient by itself to produce the effect what is another name for the sufficient cause model causal pie model what is the causal pie model constituted from a group of component causes, which can be diagrammed as a pie What is probabilistic causality - involves a probabilistic model - stochastic process A good example is the association between drug use and mental illness. In so doing we hope to extend the utility of the Sufficient Component Cause model. . The model also has a stochastic part. Identify which type or relationship in the Sufficient-Component Cause model is represented in the following example. Still, there is selection of sufficient cause III, because there exists selection on all its component causes (B, C, E). Those with gastric cancer often have an overgrowth of H. pylori bacteria in their stomach. We assume that there are no SUTVA violations in this example. Example 4: Trade-offs a sufficient cause is when an outcome ALWAYS follows the cause example of a necessary cause one cannot have AIDS without HIV TB exposure is necessary for TB infection example of a sufficient cause decapitation is not necessary to cause death; people can die many other ways Draw a sufficient-component cause model (draw 2 models) for an infectious disease of your choice. The sufficient-component cause model is one of the most discussed recent theories in disease causation. In epidemiology, some of these concepts have been coalesced into a theory of disease causation, based on the premise that there are multiple causes for most given diseases. ( 5 Rothman's model of sufficient and component causes (1, 2) introduced in 1976 is one of the most discussed causal models in epidemiology.Despite some inherent limitations (3, 4), this model seems to be appropriate to reflect the multiplicity of causal pathways and the biologic interaction among component causes.The pie-chart description of possible classes of sufficient causes is an . A heuristic In epidemiology, the sufficient-component cause model described by Ken Rothman is an example of a heuristic which shows the multicausal nature of disease. Neither is smoking a necessary cause, because a small fraction of lung cancer victims have never smoked. Recently, a new causal model-the marginal sufficient component cause model-was proposed and applied in the context of interaction or mediation. The paper reviews the various notions of causality in the philosophy of science that are . However, the reverse is not true: Just because A precedes B does not mean A causes B. 2 in this model, two factors are said to be causal cofactors, and have a (potential for) synergism, if they are components of the same causal mechanism; the presence of both cofactors is necessary for the mechanism to operate and so produce the outcome If A causes B, then A must also precede B. A sufficient cause for AIDS might consist of the following components: exposure to an individual with HIV repeatedly engaging in risky sexual behavior with that individual absence of antiretroviral drugs that reduce viral load of HIV The pie chart below might be used to represent the sufficient cause model for this scenario. The sufficient-component cause (SSC) model provides a useful, concise method to concep tualize and organize ideas concerning biologic effects and interactions of multiple factors. Sufficient-Component Cause Model Aschengrau and Seage use the example of causation of AIDS. Epidemiology 101